通过优化脱硫废水取水方式、预沉、改进加药管理、澄清器合理排泥等技术措施，有针对性地解决脱硫废水处理过程中存在的问题，保证系统的正常运行和出水水质，并提出以系统性管理的理念来推进脱硫废水处理的技术管理工作。

　　By optimizing the water intake method for desulfurization wastewater, pre settling, improving dosing management, and implementing reasonable sludge discharge in clarifiers, targeted solutions are taken to address the problems in the desulfurization wastewater treatment process, ensuring the normal operation of the system and the quality of the effluent. The concept of systematic management is proposed to promote the technical management of desulfurization wastewater treatment.

　　0前言

　　0 Preface

　　脱硫废水处理系统是燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫工艺的重要组成部分，通过对脱硫废水处理排出，保障脱硫装置稳定可靠运行，经过处理后脱硫废水还必须满足达标排放的要求。由于脱硫装置、燃煤种类、工艺用水、运行工况等原因，脱硫废水水质成分复杂，给废水处理带来了不小的挑战。而在处理过程中，脱硫废水提取、预沉、加药反应、澄清排泥等环节各有分工，彼此又存在相互影响的关系，需要从系统性角度开展相关技术管理工作来解决运行中存在的问题。

　　The desulfurization wastewater treatment system is an important component of the wet flue gas desulfurization process in coal-fired power plants. By treating and discharging the desulfurization wastewater, it ensures the stable and reliable operation of the desulfurization device. After treatment, the desulfurization wastewater must also meet the requirements for standard discharge. Due to factors such as desulfurization equipment, types of coal, process water, and operating conditions, the complex composition of desulfurization wastewater poses significant challenges to wastewater treatment. In the process of desulfurization wastewater extraction, pre sedimentation, dosing reaction, clarification and sludge discharge, each link has its own division of labor, and there is a mutual influence between them. It is necessary to carry out relevant technical management work from a systematic perspective to solve the problems that exist in operation.

　　1 脱硫废水处理工艺流程和水质标准

　　1. Process flow and water quality standards for desulfurization wastewater treatment

　　脱硫废水处理的典型工艺流程如图1 所示。脱硫废水主要含有脱硫废水中的悬浮物、重金属、COD、氟离子等污染物，经过处理后，出水水质需要符合8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求。

　　The typical process flow of desulfurization wastewater treatment is shown in Figure 1. The desulfurization wastewater mainly contains suspended solids, heavy metals COD、 After treatment, the effluent quality of pollutants such as fluoride ions needs to meet the requirements of the 8978-1996 "Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard".

　　2 脱硫废水取水方式优化和预沉淀

　　Optimization of water intake method and pre sedimentation for desulfurization wastewater

　　2.1 脱硫废水取水方式优化传统设计上，脱硫废水取自废水旋流站的溢流液，其含固量平均值大于1.5%，最大值达5% 以上，远高于1% 的设计值。这样的水质经常造成脱硫废水池污泥沉积曝气管堵塞、澄清器泥位过高刮泥机过载损坏、压滤机超负荷运行及加药量增加等一系列问题，这些问题反过来又会影响脱硫废水的正常处理量，形成恶性循环，最终会影响脱硫装置的正常运行。针对传统设计的不足，根据真空皮带机石膏滤液的含固量小且相对稳定的特点，将脱硫废水的取水点调整为石膏滤液。石膏浆液经过真空皮带机的过滤，其含固量大大降低，石膏滤液的含固量低于0.5%。经过取水点的调整，基本能解决脱硫废水含固量高所带来的问题，也为脱硫系统运行良性循环创造了条件。根据脱硫吸收塔内浆液的杂质含量来控制取水量是改善脱硫废水处理运行的有效方法。上下游之间可以根据吸收塔浆液中氯、氟离子、脱硫废水重金属的含量等指标建立有效的协调工作机制，以降低脱硫废水处理量。当吸收塔浆液氯离子含量控制在10000～20000mg/L，且脱硫装置保持正常运行时，说明此时脱硫废水的处理量是合理的。2.2 预沉池的沉降效果和缓冲作用脱硫废水里的悬浮物主要成分是石膏和煤尘中的硅、铝、铁等氧化物，其特点是密度大易沉降。设置预沉池的目的就是对脱硫废水中悬浮物进行自然沉淀，进一步降低脱硫废水的含固量。有试验结果显示120min 以上的沉降时间，可使脱硫废水悬浮物浓度下降99% 以上。实际运行中，经过预沉池后，脱硫废水的含固量能降低50% 以上，且进水含固量越高，沉淀效果越好。图1 脱硫废水处理工艺流程图预沉池还能起到缓冲池的作用。由于各种原因，有时脱硫废水处理系统需要以低于设计值并且相对稳定的流量才能保持正常运行，保证出水水质合格。脱硫废水的来水也经常是波段性的，利用预沉池的缓冲容量，就可以以相对稳定的流量运行，保证其处理效果。根据实际运行经验，当脱硫废水来水量为30m3/h 时，500m3以上的预沉池就可以起到较好的预沉淀和缓冲作用。

　　2.1 Optimization of desulfurization wastewater intake method In traditional design, desulfurization wastewater is taken from the overflow liquid of the wastewater cyclone station, with an average solid content greater than 1.5% and a maximum value of over 5%, far higher than the design value of 1%. Such water quality often causes a series of problems such as sludge deposition and aeration pipe blockage in the desulfurization wastewater tank, high sludge level in the clarifier, overload damage to the scraper, overload operation of the filter press, and increased dosage. These problems in turn affect the normal treatment capacity of desulfurization wastewater, forming a vicious cycle, and ultimately affecting the normal operation of the desulfurization device. In response to the shortcomings of traditional design, the water intake point for desulfurization wastewater is adjusted to gypsum filtrate based on the characteristics of low solid content and relatively stable gypsum filtrate in vacuum belt conveyor. The solid content of gypsum slurry is greatly reduced after filtration by a vacuum belt conveyor, and the solid content of gypsum filtrate is less than 0.5%. After adjusting the water intake point, the problem caused by high solid content in desulfurization wastewater can be basically solved, and it also creates conditions for the healthy operation of the desulfurization system. Controlling the water intake based on the impurity content of the slurry in the desulfurization absorption tower is an effective method to improve the operation of desulfurization wastewater treatment. An effective coordination mechanism can be established between upstream and downstream based on indicators such as chlorine, fluoride ions, and heavy metal content in the absorption tower slurry to reduce the treatment capacity of desulfurization wastewater. When the chloride ion content of the absorption tower slurry is controlled at 10000-20000mg/L and the desulfurization device is operating normally, it indicates that the treatment capacity of desulfurization wastewater is reasonable at this time. 2.2 The settling effect and buffering effect of the pre settling tank. The suspended solids in desulfurization wastewater are mainly composed of oxides such as silicon, aluminum, and iron in gypsum and coal dust, which are characterized by high density and easy settling. The purpose of setting up a pre settling tank is to naturally settle suspended solids in desulfurization wastewater, further reducing the solid content of desulfurization wastewater. Experimental results have shown that a settling time of more than 120 minutes can reduce the concentration of suspended solids in desulfurization wastewater by over 99%. In actual operation, after passing through the pre sedimentation tank, the solid content of desulfurization wastewater can be reduced by more than 50%, and the higher the solid content of the influent, the better the sedimentation effect. Figure 1: Process flow diagram of desulfurization wastewater treatment. The pre settling tank can also serve as a buffer tank. Due to various reasons, sometimes the desulfurization wastewater treatment system needs to operate at a flow rate lower than the design value and relatively stable in order to maintain normal operation and ensure that the effluent quality is qualified. The inflow of desulfurization wastewater is often frequency dependent, and by utilizing the buffer capacity of the pre settling tank, it can operate at a relatively stable flow rate to ensure its treatment efficiency. According to actual operating experience, when the inflow of desulfurization wastewater is 30m3/h, a pre settling tank of 500m3 or more can play a good role in pre settling and buffering.

　　3 石灰乳加药和pH值控制

　　3. Lime milk dosing and pH control

　　3.1 石灰乳加药和pH值控制脱硫废水进入三联箱后，首先是加氢氧化钙(配制成石灰乳液) 调节pH 值。脱硫废水中带正电荷的胶体颗粒只要达到零界pH 值9 时，胶体颗粒就会开始脱稳凝聚。另外，氢氧化钙还与脱硫废水中的重金属反应生成氢氧化物沉淀，与氟离子反应生成氟化钙沉淀。石灰乳加药与脱硫废水各污染因子均有关系，是脱硫废水处理过程中的关键环节。为保证重金属和氟离子的去除效果，一般建议将中和箱的p H 值调整至9.0～9.5。如果石灰乳加药量过大p H 值过高时部分两性金属会形成络合物而使沉淀物发生返溶现象，不利于重金属的沉淀反应，还会浪费药品，并且增加废水中含固量。当三联箱的pH 值大于9.5 时，也会发生三联箱出口管道、混合箱进出口管道结垢，造成管道流通面积变小，系统出力降低的情况。因此，石灰乳加药量不宜过高。在实际运行中，pH 值调整至9.2 左右是比较理想的工况。为控制好石灰乳加药效果，对在线pH 计的及时维护必不可少。因为运行环境较差，pH 计电极表面极易被硫酸钙、氢氧化钙等物质结垢包围，阻碍水流和离子通道，影响pH 值的正常显示，并影响石灰乳加药反应效果，pH 值显示偏大会造成加药量不足，pH 值显示偏小会造成加药过量。所以，需要对在线pH计进行定期校验和定期清洗，以保证其灵敏度和准确性。3.2 石灰乳加药系统管理运行中，石灰乳加药系统故障会比较多，主要有加药管道堵塞、加药泵转子和定子卡涩、磨损等。氢氧化钙本身是易沉积、易磨损，加上纯度不高、细度不够、配浓度过高、加药管道设计不合理等因素，就极易造成上述问题。对此，需要针对具体情况，作出相应的改进措施。石灰粉应选用氢氧化钙含量95%以上的；石灰乳配制浓度可以由5% 调整为2%～3%；减少加药管道弯头；将加药管道人工冲洗改为停运自动冲洗程序；设置石灰乳自动加药程序，根据pH 值变化自动调整加药量。通过以上措施，可以减少管道沉积和泵体磨损等问题的发生，提高加药效果。

　　3.1 After the desulfurization wastewater from lime milk dosing and pH control enters the triple header, first add calcium hydroxide (prepared into lime lotion) to adjust the pH value. When the positively charged colloidal particles in desulfurization wastewater reach the zero bound pH value of 9, the colloidal particles will begin to destabilize and coalesce. In addition, calcium hydroxide reacts with heavy metals in desulfurization wastewater to form hydroxide precipitates, and reacts with fluoride ions to form calcium fluoride precipitates. The addition of lime milk is related to various pollution factors in desulfurization wastewater and is a key link in the treatment process of desulfurization wastewater. To ensure the removal efficiency of heavy metals and fluoride ions, it is generally recommended to adjust the pH value of the neutralization box to 9.0-9.5. If the dosage of lime milk is too high and the pH value is too high, some amphoteric metals will form complexes and cause the precipitation to dissolve, which is not conducive to the precipitation reaction of heavy metals, wastes drugs, and increases the solid content in the wastewater. When the pH value of the triple box is greater than 9.5, scaling may also occur in the outlet pipes of the triple box and the inlet and outlet pipes of the mixing box, resulting in a decrease in the flow area of the pipes and a decrease in the system output. Therefore, the dosage of lime milk should not be too high. In actual operation, adjusting the pH value to around 9.2 is an ideal working condition. Timely maintenance of the online pH meter is essential to control the dosing effect of lime milk. Due to poor operating environment, the electrode surface of the pH meter is easily surrounded by substances such as calcium sulfate and calcium hydroxide, which hinder water flow and ion channels, affect the normal display of pH value, and affect the effect of lime milk dosing reaction. If the pH value is displayed too high, it will cause insufficient dosage, and if the pH value is displayed too low, it will cause excessive dosage. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly calibrate and clean the online pH meter to ensure its sensitivity and accuracy. During the management and operation of the lime milk dosing system, there will be many malfunctions, mainly including blockage of the dosing pipeline, jamming and wear of the dosing pump rotor and stator. Calcium hydroxide itself is prone to sedimentation and wear, coupled with factors such as low purity, insufficient fineness, high concentration, and unreasonable design of dosing pipelines, which can easily cause the above-mentioned problems. Corresponding improvement measures need to be taken based on specific situations. Lime powder should be selected with a calcium hydroxide content of over 95%; The concentration of lime milk can be adjusted from 5% to 2% to 3%; Reduce the number of bends in the dosing pipeline; Change the manual flushing of the dosing pipeline to the automatic shutdown flushing program; Set up an automatic lime milk dosing program to automatically adjust the dosage according to changes in pH value. Through the above measures, the occurrence of pipeline sedimentation and pump body wear can be reduced, and the dosing effect can be improved.

　　4 絮凝剂和有机硫加药量控制

　　4. Control of dosage of coagulants and organic sulfur

　　脱硫废水处理过程中，会加入适量的絮凝剂和助凝剂，提高絮凝沉淀效果。脱硫废水的絮凝剂可以选用聚合铝、聚合氯化铝铁、三氯化铁等，需要根据实际水质情况，试验选用合适的絮凝剂。聚合氯化铝铁的加药量一般控制在15～30mg/L。脱硫废水中的重金属与氢氧化钙反应后，大部分以沉淀物的形式除去，但仍有部分残余溶解在水中，加入有机硫的目的就是除去这些残留的重金属。有机硫的加药量应根据脱硫废水的重金属成分和含量进行调整，若是来水的重金属含量本来就很低，经过与石灰乳反应沉淀后，水中的含量已低于排放标准，则可降低有机硫的加药量甚至停用，从而降低药品的耗量和成本。

　　During the treatment of desulfurization wastewater, an appropriate amount of coagulants and coagulants are added to improve the coagulation and sedimentation effect. The coagulants for desulfurization wastewater can be selected from polyaluminum, polyaluminum ferric chloride, ferric chloride, etc. It is necessary to test and select suitable coagulants according to the actual water quality. The dosage of polyaluminum ferric chloride is generally controlled at 15-30mg/L. After the reaction between heavy metals in desulfurization wastewater and calcium hydroxide, most of them are removed in the form of precipitates, but there are still some residual dissolved in water. The purpose of adding organic sulfur is to remove these residual heavy metals. The dosage of organic sulfur should be adjusted according to the heavy metal composition and content of desulfurization wastewater. If the heavy metal content in the incoming water is already very low, and after reaction and precipitation with lime milk, the water content is lower than the emission standard, the dosage of organic sulfur can be reduced or even stopped, thereby reducing the consumption and cost of drugs.

　　5 澄清器运行管理和污泥处理

　　5 Clarifier operation management and sludge treatment

　　如果澄清器内泥位过高，污泥会被带至清水区直接影响出水水质，因此，澄清器需要做到及时排泥。可以根据澄清器的上中下三个取样门的水样状况来进行污泥排放操作。当上部取样门的样水由清变浑浊，中部取样门的水样含泥量增多时，便可以进行排泥操作。澄清器运行正常时，其出水浊度可以达到小于1NTU 的水平。对污泥处理的能力直接影响澄清器和脱硫废水处理系统的出力。除保证压滤机的正常出力外，因为脱硫废水污泥主要成分是硫酸钙，将污泥直接回收至脱硫浆液系统是污泥处理的解决方向，可以有效提高污泥处理效率和降低处理成本。

　　If the sludge level in the clarifier is too high, the sludge will be carried to the clean water area, directly affecting the effluent quality. Therefore, the clarifier needs to discharge the sludge in a timely manner. The sludge discharge operation can be carried out based on the water sample conditions of the upper, middle, and lower sampling gates of the clarifier. When the sample water from the upper sampling gate changes from clear to turbid and the sediment content of the sample from the middle sampling gate increases, the sludge discharge operation can be carried out. When the clarifier is operating normally, its effluent turbidity can reach a level of less than 1NTU. The ability to treat sludge directly affects the output of the clarifier and desulfurization wastewater treatment system. In addition to ensuring the normal output of the filter press, the main component of desulfurization wastewater sludge is calcium sulfate. Directly recycling the sludge to the desulfurization slurry system is the solution for sludge treatment, which can effectively improve sludge treatment efficiency and reduce treatment costs.

　　6 结语

　　6 Conclusion

　　脱硫废水处理关系到脱硫装置的正常运行和脱硫废水合格达标这两大目标，其每个环节的工况也会影响整个脱硫废水系统的运行。总之，对于脱硫废水处理主要应从以下几个方面推进其技术管理工作：(1) 应该建立系统性管理理念，尝试从源头和各处理环节的相关性上着手解决脱硫废水处理中存在的问题。(2) 应充分利用设备自动化条件，实现自动加药自动调整水质参数，改善脱硫废水处理效果。(3) 污泥回收利用解决污泥处理能力受限问题，是脱硫废水处理的一个改进方向。(4) 随着废水“零排放”推进，脱硫废水处理还应进一步关注 “零排放”的技术要求，及时调整技术措施，做好技术对接工作。

　　The treatment of desulfurization wastewater is related to the normal operation of desulfurization equipment and the achievement of qualified desulfurization wastewater. The working conditions of each link will also affect the operation of the entire desulfurization wastewater system. In summary, the technical management of desulfurization wastewater treatment should mainly be promoted from the following aspects: (1) a systematic management concept should be established, and efforts should be made to solve the problems in desulfurization wastewater treatment from the source and the correlation between each treatment link. (2) We should fully utilize the automation conditions of the equipment to achieve automatic dosing and adjustment of water quality parameters, and improve the treatment effect of desulfurization wastewater. (3) Sludge recycling and utilization is an improvement direction for desulfurization wastewater treatment to solve the problem of limited sludge treatment capacity. (4) With the promotion of "zero discharge" of wastewater, desulfurization wastewater treatment should further pay attention to the technical requirements of "zero discharge", adjust technical measures in a timely manner, and do a good job in technical docking.

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